The cynics say software is “eating the world.” In a networked universe, code is operating more and more critical systems, reducing the need for human intervention.
Whatever efficiency this brings, there are accompanying failures. Several incidents across the globe made this very clear last year. United Airlines was forced to ground its fleet because of an issue with its departure-management system; the New York Stock Exchange suspended trading after an upgrade; the front page of The Wall Street Journal’s website crashed; and Seattle’s 911 system went down when a router failed. With so many critical systems failing simultaneously, many assumed it might be a coordinated...